ultramarin marine translations
ultramarin.online
nl zeildoek
kanevas
kanifas
  vaste, grove, uit sterke hennep, vlas of katoendraad geweven stof, die voor de vervaardiging van zeilen, persenningen of markiezen wordt gebruikt. De kwaliteit van het zeildoek, die afhangt van het materiaal van de draden, van de voorbereidende verwerking, het gewicht van schering en inslag en het aantal draden per oppervlak, wordt traditioneel met getallen aangegeven die betrekking hebben op de sterkte en het gewicht. Lage cijfers geven een zware, hoge cijfers een lichte stof aan. In Groot Britannië gaat de telling van 0000 voor de zwaarste tot 12 voor de lichtste stof.  
de Segeltuch fester, grober, aus starkem Hanf-, Flachs-, oder Baumwollgarn gewebter Stoff, der zur Herstellung von Segeln, Persennige oder Markisen gebraucht wird.
Die Qualität von Segeltuch, die vom Fasermaterial, der vorbereitenden Verarbeitung, dem Gewicht von Kette und Schuß und der Anzahl der Fäden pro Fläche abhängt, wird traditionell mit Zahlen angegeben, die sich auf die Stärke und das Gewicht beziehen. Niedrige Ziffern stehen für einen schweren, höhere für einen leichteren Stoff. In Großbritannien reicht die Zählung von 0000 für den schwersten bis 12 für den leichtesten Stoff.
en sail cloth
canvas
a double-warp, single-weft fabric made of hemp, flax, or cotton fibres, used for making sails, awnings, covers, tarpaulins, etc.
Canvas is classified in different numbers according to its strength or designated by its weight. The numbers vary according to the material used, and with the customs in the countries where the canvas is made, the lowest indicating the the strongest fabric. In Great Britain numbers range between 0000 to 12, 1 to 8 being the most common. In France numbers vary from 0 to 8.
fr toile de voile
toile à voile
 
es lona
tela
 
it (tela) olona
ferzo
tela da vele
ferzo: ciascuna delle pezze di tela olona che, cucite per i vivagni, costituiscono le vele e le tende;::
dk kanefas      
se kanfas      
     
  "Sailcloth is obtainable from any description of fibrous material capable of being woven into cloth, having sufficient compactness and closeness of texture, and possessing the requisite strength for sustaining the heavy pressure which sails often have to bear in severe weather. Several descriptions of fibre might be enumerated which would to a certain extent serve for sailcloth but for the absence of quality of endurance or resistance; hemp has been and is now occasionally used, as also a mixture of cotton and linen yarn, or cotton only,—especially in America; but, in the United Kingdom FLAX (q.v.) is the usual staple material, since, when well manufactured, it possesses the qualities of flexibility and lightness, and, what is still more important, the element of strength in a very large degree.

The following points may be regarded as of primary importance for securing sailcloth or canvas of a superior quality and durability. Whatever flax is used, it is absolutely necessary that the "warp" and "weft" of the canvas be spun wholly from the "longs," be free from blacks and any mixture of short flax, well dressed or heckled, and that the yarn be well and evenly spun and properly twisted. Both warp and weft yarn should be twice boiled with the best American pot and pearl ashes, and carefully and thoroughly washed and cleansed. No acid chloride of lime or other preparation of chlorine, nor any deleterious substance, should be used in any stage of the process, otherwise the integrity of the fibre will most probably be interfered with ; the only advantage got is that the cloth looks much whiter, which for yachts and pleasure-boats is perhaps desirable, but for naval and mercantile uses is not at all necessary. The yarns are first boiled a sufficient length of time in a solution of the best American potash, in fixed proportions of ashes, green yarn, and water, then mill-washed (beating process), and subse-qiiently carefully washed in a considerable stream of clear running water, and wrung. They are again boiled for a sufficient length of time in a solution of American pearl ashes, in clue proportions of ashes, green yarn, and water, then carefully rinsed, or washed in a clear stream of water, carefully dried, and frequently shaken in the course of drying, so that the fibres of the flax may be equally stretched. These repeated boilings, &c, have the effect of cleansing, bleaching, softening, and removing all vegetable impurities which may be hanging about ; no starch, tallow, paste, or weaver’s dressing of any description should be used, otherwise the fabric will tend to mildew if allowed to remain damp for any time. Sail-cloth is made in bolts, mostly 24 inches wide, but also 18 inches wide, and for yachting purposes frequently still less wide, upon the ground that the narrower the cloth the flatter and better will the sail stand to its work. It is generally made of eight different quanties in respect of thickness, numbered 1 to 8 accordingly ; the heavier numbers—Nos. 1, 2, and 3—are used for storm and other sails that have to do heavy work, the remaining numbers for the lighter descriptions of sail. The weight of each bolt of canvas 24 inches wide, from Nos. 1 to 6 inclusive for 39 yards in length and for Nos. 7 and 8 for 40 yards in length, is about as follows, viz., No. 1, 46 1b ; No. 2, 43 ; No. 3, 40 ; No. 4, 36; No. 5, 33 ; No. 6, 30 ; No. 7, 27 ; No. 8, 25 1b. The weight of each bolt of narrower canvas is in proportion.

As a rule about 40 yards in length may be considered as the average content of each bolt. Particular attention should be paid to the weaving, that the texture be struck sufficiently close, and the selvages be evenly and well manufactured; what is termed a slack selvage (that is, one selvage longer than the other) is not only awkward for the sailmaker but unsatisfactory both in wear and appearance, the slack side showing itself puckered. Sailcloth made upon these conditions is very likely to be a good article ; tests, however, can be applied, generally to strips I inch wide from Nos. 1 to 6 inclusive, and l 1/2 inch wide from Nos. 7 and 8. Weft and warp (24 inches in length) in each case are placed in a small testing machine, which has a dial plate with a spring under-neath ; vices are attached to grip the strips, one vice to the spring, the other in connexion with a long screw with a handle; by turning this handle the vices are drawn asunder until the strip breaks, and the hands on the dial-plate indicate the strain in pounds."

 
 
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 10th edition (1902)