ultramarin marine translations |
ultramarin.online | ||||
binnenwaterwegen van de Verenigde Staten van Amerika | Het net van binnenwaterwegen in de
VS, omvat rond 20.000 kilometer merendeels verdeeld over drie samenhangende
complexen: het Mississippi-Tennessee systeem, bestaande uit de Mississippi
en de Tennessee met hun zijrivieren strekt zich uit over de oostelijke
helft van de VS tussen de bergketens in het westen en het oosten van het
land. Het sluit aan aan de Intracoastal Waterways, kustkanalen die als
een zoom langs de zuid- en de oostkust lopen en door het New York State
Canal System met de Grote Meren zijn verbonden. Verder enkele rivieren,
zijrivieren en kanalen, die noch aan het een noch het ander systeem zijn
aangesloten, zoals de Columbia en de Sacramento aan de westkust en de
Pearl River aan de Golfkust. Hoewel de Grote Meren door hun uitgestrektheid óf door schepen worden bevaren die op zeeschepen lijken (zog. lakers) óf zeeschepen zijn, die via de Saint Lawrence Seaway vanuit de Atlantische Oceaan toegang tot de Grote Meren hebben, tellen zij ook tot de binnenwateren. Het beheer van de waterwegen valt grotendeels onder de autoriteit van het US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Het USACE is verantwoordelijk zowel voor de waterhuishouding (dijken, dammen, hoogwaterweringen) als voor de kunstwerken voor de scheepvaart (192 sluizen op ca. 41 waterwegen) en voor een minimum diepte van de vaargeul van 3 m. Plannen voor de aanleg van de eerste waterwegen gaan terug tot het einde van de 18de eeuw en de coloniale periode. De uiteindelijke aanleg gebeurde echter in de loop van de 19de eeuw, versneld door de stoomscheepvaart en de industrialisering. De uitbreiding van de spoorwegen in de 2de helft van de 19de en van de auto in de 20ste eeuw leidde ertoe dat men vele werken liet vervallen waardoor rivieren en kanalen onbevaarbaar werden. Een aantal waterwegen werd echter uitgebreid om te voldoen aan de eisen van de duwvaart die in de VS al vroeg het enkel varende schip verdrong. |
|||
US-amerikanische Binnenwasserstraßen Wasserstraßen in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika |
Die Binnenwasserstraßen der USA umfassen etwa 20.000 Kilometer. Davon
erstreckt sich der größte Teil auf drei Gebiete: Das Mississippi-Tennessee-System
reicht über die östliche Hälfte des Landes weit ins Landesinnere;
der aus zwei Abschnitten (Atlantik und Golf von Mexiko) bestehende Intracoastal
Waterway säumt den größeren Teil der Ostküste
und Südküste von Pennsylvania bis zur mexikanischen Grenze
und reicht über einige küstennahe Gewässer ebenfalls
ins Binnenland hinein; der Hudson im Nordosten, der Columbia im Nordwesten
und die in die Bucht von San Francisco mündenden Flüsse Sacramento
und San Joaquin im Westen gehören keinem der vorstehenden Netze
an und bilden Systeme für sich. |
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United States' inland waterways | Of the some 12.500 miles of US inland waterways
the greater part belongs to one of the following three (or four) zones:
The Mississippi-Tennessee system spans the eastern half of the United
States which from Pennsylvania in the Northeast to the Mexican border
in the South is lined by the Intracoastal Waterway, while the navigable
sections of the Hudson, the Columbia, the Sacramento and the San Joaquin
rivers belong to none of these systems. The Great Lakes together with
the St. Lawrence River ('Seaway') are a particular case in question. Shared
by Canada and the United States they connect to the Mississippi system
via the Chicago river. Freight traffic on the navigable waterways consists (apart from seagoing vessels accessing coastal seaports and service vessels) almost exclusively of convoys of barges pushed by tugs. Depending on the profile of the channel these convoys may involve almost any number of barges, something that is unknown in Central Europe. While the Intracoastal Waterway is also much frequented by small craft of all kinds traffic on the lake, although being looked upon as 'inland navigation' resembles maritime and seagoing transport more than inland transport in a proper sense. About half of the the commercially used rivers and canals are under the authority of the US Army Corps of Engineers. The USACE is responsible for water management (dams, dykes, flood control) as well as the construction and maintainance of the 41 rivers and canals with their ca. 191 locks and dams and to ensure the respective perennial minimum draft of 3 meters or deeper for commercial transport. Early planning and construction of artifical waterways and the regulation of rivers on the American continent date back to the end of the 18th century. As the expansion west gained momentum during the 19th century, so did the expansion of the waterway network. Canals then were usually frequented by barges hauled by manpower and horses, rivers by single steam boats. Both soon became obsolete first by the spreading of the railway, later with the emergence of the lorry. As a consequence in the 20th century the future of water transport hung in the balance, locks fell into disrepair, lockless dams were built to generate electricity and blocked many watercourses for good. However and against all odds waterways standing through difficult times were eventually developed, channels deepend and widened, new and greater locks built to meet the requirements of commercial barging. As a result the United States still possesses an extensive system of inland navigation. |
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voies navigables des États-Unis |
naam
| Name name | nom nombre | nome |
lengte
| Länge length | longueur longitud | lunghezza* |
van
| von from | de de | da |
naar
| nach to | à a | a |
sluizen
| Schleusen locks | écluses esclusas | chiuse |
|
Alabama River | 314 |
Tombigbee R | Coosa R | 3 |
|
Allegheny River | 72 |
Monongahela R/Ohio R | East Brady PA | 8 |
|
Apalachicola River | 107.8 |
Chattahoochee R / Flint R | GIWW | 1 |
|
Arkansas River | 375 |
Verdigris R / Grand R | Arkansas Post Canal | 10 |
|
Atchafalaya River | 116.8 |
Red R | GIWW | 1 |
|
Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway | ~1192 |
Florida Keys | Chesapeake | ~ |
|
Beauharnois Canal | 15 |
Saint
Lawrence River (Beauharnois, Québec) |
2 |
||
Big Sandy River | 15 |
Prichard | Ohio R | -- |
|
Black River | 41.6 |
Ouachita R | Red R | 1 |
|
Black Warrior River | 45 |
Tombigbee R | Mobile R | 4 |
|
Calumet River | ~13.5 |
Lake Michigan | Calumet-Saganashkee Canal | 1 |
|
Calumet-Saganashkee Canal | 350 |
Lake Michigan | Mississippi R | ~ |
|
Cayuga-Seneca Canal | 20 |
Seneca Lake | Erie Canal | 4 |
|
Chambly Canal | 12 |
Richelieu
River |
9 |
||
Champlain Canal | 63 |
Lake Champlain | Hudson R | 11 |
|
Chattahoochee River | 155 |
Columbus GA | Apalachicola R / Flint R | 2 |
|
Chesapeake & Delaware Canal | 14 |
Chesapeake Bay | Delaware R | -- |
|
Chicago
River - North Branch - Main Stem - South Branch |
~2.0 ~1.6 ~3.9 |
North Branch/South Branch Sanitary & Ship Canal |
Chicago R - Main Stem Lake Michigan Main Stem |
-- 1 -- |
|
Chicago Sanitary Ship Canal | 33.9 |
Chicago R | Des Plaines R | 2 |
|
Clinch River | 40 |
Clinton TN | Tennessee R | 1 |
|
Coal River | 11 |
Big Coal/Little Coal Rivers | Kanawha R | -- |
|
Columbia River | 325 |
Snake R | Pacific Ocean | 4 |
|
Cumberland River | 460.9 |
Wolf Creek Dam | Ohio R | 4 |
|
Delaware River | 102.5 |
Philadelphia PA | Delaware Bay / Atlantic Ocean | -- |
|
Des Plaines River | 3.7 |
Sanitary & Ship Canal | Illinois R | -- |
|
Detroit River | 28 |
Lake Erie | Lake St. Clair | -- |
|
Great Dismal Swamp Canal | 22 |
Elizabeth R | Albemerle Bay | 2 |
|
Erie Canal | 338.8 |
Hudson River | Lake Erie | 35 |
|
Flint River | 28 |
Bainbridge | Apalachicola R / Chattahoochee R | -- |
|
Green River | 149.1 |
Rochester Dam | Ohio R | 2 |
|
Gulf Intracoastal Waterway | ~1050 137.5 |
Brownsville
TX Clearwater FL |
Carabelle
FL Fort Myers FL |
~ |
|
Hiwassee River | 22 |
Calhoun
TN |
Tennessee River | -- |
|
Hudson River | 155 |
NY State Canal System | New York Bay / Atlantic Ocean | 1 |
|
Illinois River | 290.2 |
Des Plaines R | Mississippi R | 5 |
|
Illinois Waterway | 336 |
Lake Michigan | Mississippi R | 8 |
|
Industrial Canal | 5.5 |
Mississippi R | Mississippi-Gulf Outlet Canal | 1 |
|
Iroquois Canal | 0.3 |
Saint
Lawrence River |
1 |
||
Kanawha River | 90.6 |
Deepwater | Ohio R | 3 |
|
Kaskaskia River | 36.2 |
Fayetteville IL | Mississippi R | 1 |
|
Kentucky River | 258.6 |
Middle Fork / North Fork | Ohio R | 4 |
|
Lake Champlain |
~ |
-- |
|||
Lake Erie |
~ |
-- |
|||
Lake Huron |
~ |
-- |
|||
Lake Michigan |
~ |
-- |
|||
Lake Ontario |
~ |
-- |
|||
Lake Superior |
~ |
-- |
|||
Little Tennessee River | 29 |
Tallassee TN | Tennessee R | -- |
|
Locust Fork | 20 |
West
Jefferson AL |
Black
Warrior R |
-- |
|
McClellan-Kerr Waterway | 448.5 |
Catoosa | Mississippi R | ~ |
|
Minnesota River | 14.7 |
Savage MN | Mississippi R | -- |
|
Mississippi River | 1819 |
Minneapolis / St. Paul | Gulf of Mexico | 31 |
|
Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet Canal | 76 |
Industrial Canal | Gulf of Mexico | -- |
|
Missouri River | 734.8 |
Sioux City | Mississippi R | -- |
|
Mobile River | ~50 |
Tombigbee R/Alabama R | Mobile Bay / Gulf of Mexico | -- |
|
Monongahela River | 128.7 |
Allegheny R | Tygart / West Fork | 9 |
|
Mulberry Fork | 39 |
Barney AL | Black Warrior R | -- |
|
New York State Canal System | ~ |
Hudson R | Lake Ontario / Lake Erie | ~ |
|
Ohio River | 981 |
Allegheny R/Monongahela R | Mississippi R | 19 |
|
Okeechobee Waterway | 154 |
Atlantic Intracoastal Ww | Gulf Intracoastal Ww | 2 |
|
Ottawa River | ~100 |
Rideau Canal | Saint Lawrence River | 2 |
|
Ouachita River | 351 |
Camden AR | Black R | 3 |
|
Pearl
River - East Pearl River - West Pearl River |
19 58 |
Stennis Space Center Bogalusa |
GIWW GIWW |
1 3 |
|
Red River | 236 |
Shreveport LA | Atchafalaya R/Mississippi R | 5 |
|
Richelieu River | 77 |
Lake Champlain | Saint Lawrence R | 1 |
|
Rideau Canal | 202 |
Lake Ontario | Ottawa R | 49 |
|
Sacramento Deep Water Channel | 63 |
Sacramento CA | Sacramento R | 1 |
|
Sacramento River | 15 |
Cache Slough Junction CA | San Francisco Bay | -- |
|
Saint Clair River | 40.5 |
Lake Huron | Lake Saint Clair | -- |
|
Saint Johns River | ~150 |
Lake Beresford | Atlantic Ocean | -- |
|
Saint Marys River | 74.5 |
Lake Superior | Lake Huron | 1 |
|
Saint Lawrence River | 1128 |
Lake Ontario | Saint Lawrence Bay | 7 |
|
Saint Lawrence Seaway | ~ |
Great Lakes | Saint Lawrence Bay | ~ |
|
San Joaquin River | 50 |
Stockton CA | San Francisco Bay | -- |
|
Snake River | 140 |
Lewiston ID | Columbia R | 4 |
|
South Shore Canal | 16 |
Saint
Lawrence River |
2 |
||
Saint Croix River | 52 |
Saint Croix Falls | Mississippi R | -- |
|
Tennessee River | 652 |
Holstein R / French R | Ohio R | 9 |
|
Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway | |||||
Tensaw River | ~50 |
Mobile R | Mobile Bay / Gulf of Mexico | -- |
|
Welland Canal | 26 |
Lake Erie | Lake Ontario | 8 |
|
White River | 255 |
Newport AR | Mississippi R | 1 |
|
Wiley-Dondero Canal | 9.2 |
Saint
Lawrence River |
2 |
||
Willamette River | 26.5 |
Willamette Falls | Portland OR | -- |
|
*
mijlen | Meilen * miles | milles * millas | miglia |